Submit Griffin and Martin Lawrence

Submit Griffin was the daughter of Capt. Edward Griffin and his wife Submit DeWolf. Called Mitte by her father Submit was born in the Killingworth 1st Society among her grandfather James’s Griffins other grandchildren. Although we do not have birth records for Edward’s children we have been able to extrapolate their approximate dates of birth Submit’s being in about 1791. I am sure her birth was a topic of discussion in the home of her uncle Samuel living in the 2nd Society. We have previously written of Edward’s family on the Blog. The journey of discovery for Edward’s family started with his will. As we have previously noted his will is without doubt the most comprehensive will we have ever reviewed. The inheritance granted to each daughter was sufficient to give them a head start in establishing their own home when they married. Edward’s request of the executor’s of his will, who were some of the most prominent men in the area, was that they help his wife settle on a farm of her choosing that would provide for her and her children. Submit moved her family to Colebrook in Litchfield County, Connecticut. The Griffin farm became a noted landmark in the small community. We find Submit, referred to as Submit Jr., listed in the church records along with her mother and brother Edward. There is a small cross by her name, which indicates she had moved out of the congregation. We also find Submit listed with her sibling’s in the probate records. In the probate records she is listed as the wife of Martin Lawrence. The probate record notes the residence of all of the children. It notes that Martin and Submit were from Colebrook. In January of 1818 Submit sells here share of the family farm to her brother Charles. Here the story went cold. We have been able to trace all of the Griffin siblings except Submit and her brother Edward. Sources in Colebrook noted that Charles and Edward had moved to Ohio. In the 1830 census they are found in Summit County, Ohio. Recently Roberta Cole Lader, a great grand daughter of Edward Griffin, shared her discovery of the biography of John Deacon of Hudson, Summit County, Ohio. The biography provides the genealogy of his wife Julia Ann E Lawrence. John’s biography notes that Julia Ann Lawrence was born May 23, 1813 and came west with her family in 1818. Later census records identify her place of birth as Connecticut. Julia Ann’s parents are noted as being Martin Lawrence born March 20, 1793 in Dutchess County, New York, the son of Chauncey Lawrence and Sallie Clark, and Submit Griffin. _________________The 1820 census for Hudson, then Portage County, Ohio records the family of Martin Lawrence with 3 young daughters under the age of 10, and his wife. There is no biography for Martin and Submit no family oral tradition that has survived to make all of the family connections for us. The documentary trail that does exist, although vague, does provide strong hints of what became of Submit Griffin. __________ In the 1830 census Martin has moved about 15 miles to Salt Creek, Wayne County. By 1830 the family is made up of the 3 girls and has added 3 younger boys. By 1830 Submit’s brothers Edward and Charles Griffin had moved to nearby Copley. ____________The 1840 census, also in Salt Creek, shows the family reduced to 2 girls and one boy. Julia had married John Deacon in 1832. The census also records the family of a 2nd Martin Lawrence in the community a young man with a wife and young son. ____________The 1950 census was the first census that provided the names of everyone in the household. In the 1850 census for Springfield, Clark County, Ohio we find the following; Martin Lawrence age 57 (1793) Cabinetmaker, born New York. Mary Lawrence, age 49, born Ohio. Martin Lawrence, age 28, carpenter, born Ohio. Elizabeth Beal, age 20, born Ohio. Registered in the house next door is Chauncey Lawrence, age 25, carpenter, born Ohio. Chauncey’s household included his wife Sarah and daughter Cath. At first glance this census information seemed at odds with the 1840 Salt Creek census. A search of the Clark County marriage records provided the following information. Martin Lawrence, widower, married Mary Beal, widow, November 10, 1842. Martin Lawrence and Elizabeth Beal were married December 14, 1852. The marriage record noted, “He produced a decree of divorce from a former wife.” Chauncey Lawrence’s marriage to Sarah Ellen Beal is dated May 8th 1846. A review of the Wayne county records produced a marriage license for Martin Jr. and Elizabeth Reihart dated April 4, 1838, which explains the entry for the younger Martin Lawrence in the 1840 census for Salt Creek, Wayne County. ______________ Based on this information we are able to make sense of another piece of the puzzle. Roberta Cole Lader also found a cemetery record for a Submit Lawrence. In the Spring Hill Cemetery in Bath, Summit County Ohio there is a headstone for Submit Lawrence dated September 2, 1841. The cemetery records include the following; Submit Lawrence died September 2, 1841 age 49 years and 10 months. That suggests a date of birth in November of 1791. I think it is a fair conclusion that this is the burial site for Submit Griffin daughter of Edward Griffin born in Connecticut according to family history in 1791. Submit’s daughter Julia Deacon lived a few miles away in Hudson. Submit’s brother Charles Griffin owned a large farm that straddled the Bath and Copley town lines. In 1842 we find her widower husband Martin Lawrence remarrying. ___________To obtain a fuller view of the Lawrence family we need to review the 1860 census. In the 1860 census taken in Sabula, Iowa we find living next to each other the Lawrence brothers each listed as a carpenter all born in Ohio. Martin now age 38 and his wife Elizabeth Beal and their two children. Chauncey now age 35 and his wife Sarah and daughter Kate/ Cath. And the 3rd brother listed in the Salt Creek census records Horace age 30 along with his wife Rachael and their two children Emma and Edward. Julia Ann was married and living in Hudson, Ohio listed at age 47, born in Connecticut. Missing are the other two sisters listed in the earlier census records. The final piece of the documentary trail is found in the Evergreen Cemetery just outside Sabula. In the cemetery there is a headstone for Martin Lawrence. The headstone records that he was born March 20, 1793 and died January 31, 1855. Buried in a family plot is his wife Mary Prior/Beal. The cemetery records the death of Martin Lawrence Jr., March 11, 1872. Horace’s wife Rachael C. ( Taylor) Lawrence and four of Martin Sr.’s grandchildren, one a child of Horace named Mary Submit Lawrence, are also buried in the family plot. Horace left Sabula later in life he is buried in the Evergreen Cemetery in Red Oak, Iowa. The dates on his headstone read August 10, 1829 to July 25, 1912. As we have noted in our article, Griffin’s at Vicksburg, Chauncey was killed at that battle in 1863. He is buried in the Vicksburg National Cemetery. The 1870 census shows Chauncey’s widow, along with her daughter and son-in-law Eli Whitney, living with his brothers in Sabula. _____________To tell the tale of the family of Martin Lawrence and Submit Griffin we can draw on the histories written for the larger Lawrence family. Martin’s father Chauncey’s children were born in Dutchess County, New York. Chauncey joined the great migration to the Western Reserve moving his family en mass to Greene County, Ohio. His son Martin had met and married Submit Griffin in Colebrook, Connecticut. In early 1818 Martin and Submit sold their land in Colebrook and followed his family to Ohio. Submit’s brothers Edward and Charles Griffin were to follow. Martin and Submit lived for 20 years in eastern Ohio first in Hudson, later in near by Salt Creek. By 1842 they had moved to Springfield in Clark County. It seems that about the time they were preparing to move Submit passed away. They buried her in Bath near her daughter Julia and her brother Charles. By 1860 the family had moved to Sabula, Iowa a city that sits on the Mississippi River. Sabula was a town based on the lumber industry shaping the timber transported down the river from Minnesota, a perfect spot for a family of carpenters. From information gleaned from the Lawrence family history we can fill in some of the missing pieces. In the 1840 census taken in Salt Creek Chauncey is missing he was living in Springfield, Ohio with Martin’s brother Clark Lawrence. In the 1850 census Horace is missing. In 1850 Horace is living in Madison County near the rest of the Lawrence family. He is listed as part of the household of Chauncey Barlow. He is listed as age 20, single, and a carpenter, born in Ohio. Lawrence family history points out that Chauncey Barlow’s mother was Martin’s sister Polly Clark Lawrence. Horace’s marriage to Rachael C. Taylor is recorded there dated February 21, 1852. A hint at all of the family connections is found in the use of common family names. Chauncey Lawrence and Chauncey Barlow both named for their grandfather. Horace Lawrence named after his father’s brother Horace and Martin Jr. for Martin Sr. Submit’s sisters had named their children after their siblings. Submit name her daughter after her sister Julia. ___________ Submit Lawrence Griffin / Edward / James / Samuel Griffin.

Julia Ann E. Lawrence and John Deacon

Julia Ann E. Lawrence married John Deacon on April 5, 1832 in Hudson, Summit County Ohio. Much of the available information for Julia comes from the biography of her husband, John Deacon, found in the history of Summit County. John Deacon became one of the leading citizens in Hudson. His biography is one of a select few included in the Summit County History. “ John Deacon, retired farmer: One among the oldest living pioneers of this township is the above, who was born in Lancaster, Penn., Nov 28, 1802 and came out with his father, Marmaduke, in 1805 and for three-quarters of a century has remained constantly on the farm his father located on. April 5, 1832 was wedded to Julia Ann E. Lawrence who was born May 23, 1813.” The biography gives a detailed picture of Julia’s genealogy naming her parents as Martin C. and Submit Griffin Lawrence. Speaking of Martin “He was born in Dutchess Co., N.Y. March 20, 1793. He was the son of Chauncey and Sallie H. ( Clark ) Lawrence.” “Mrs. Deacon came West to Ohio with her parents in 1818 who located in this township. To Mr. and Mrs. Deacon have been born eleven children, ten living: Horace, John W., David, Emily, Cyrus B., Edmund W., Lucinda E., Lewis, Fredrick B., Louisa M., Caroline M., deceased. Mrs. Deacon has been a member of the church since 15 years of age. On account of the feeble health of Mr. Deacon the care and management of the farm has fallen upon his wife, who conducts it successfully.” On Ancestry.com we find the following post. “I now live in the house that John Deacon (1802-1884) built in Hudson, Ohio in 1847.” Ancestor.com also has some excellent Family Trees for the Deacon family. We have the death records for John and Julia that are found in the Summit County records. For John it records his death on August 22, 1884. The record notes that he was 81 years, 8 months and 22 days old at his death. It notes that he died in Hudson and was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. For Julia A. a death date of December 4, 1889 at the age of 77 years, 6 months and 11 days. It notes that she died in Alliance and that she was born in Milford, Connecticut. ________________ There is a bit of confusion surround Julia Ann. There are several different spellings for her name. There is also some confusion as to her place of birth. John Deacon in his will writes her name Julia Ann E. Deacon. John’s biography uses the same spelling. Her death record lists her as Julia A. The 1850 census uses the Julia Ann spelling. On their marriage license and in the other census records her name is written Juliann, which could be how the recording clerk heard the name. There are also variations in the place of her birth. John’s biography lists it as Cincinnati, Ohio. The biography states that she came west “to” Ohio, which would seem to indicate she was born somewhere other than Ohio. The 1850, 1870 and 1880 census records list it as Ohio. The 1860 census lists her place of birth as Connecticut as does her death record. The 1880 census lists her place of birth as Ohio, her fathers as New York and her mother’s as Connecticut. We have previously posted our history for her parents, which places her birth in Connecticut. __________ John Deacon published his will March 14, 1867. “I John Deacon of Hudson, Summit Co., Ohio do make and publish this my last will and testament.” He writes “To my wife Julia Ann E. Deacon.” He leaves to his wife all of his household goods and personal property as well as his real estate with the caveat “as long as she remain unmarried”. On her death he stipulates the following “To my son Cyrus Deacon $100.00”. He leaves Edmund the same amount. He then writes, “The residue of said real and personal estate left after the …..2 above named legacies of $100.00 is to be equally divided between, Horace L., John, Caroline Campbell, Emily Slaughterbaugh, Lucy Deacon, Lewis Deacon, Fredrick Deacon, Ida Deacon”. He notes that he had already given his son David $1,100.00. In October of 1878 he amends his will. Of the division he writes, to Horace L., Caroline Campbell, Emily E Slaughterbaugh, Lucy Eaton formerly Deacon, Lewis D., Fredrick D., and Ida Musson formerly Deacon”. He adds, “The reason of this change is that my son John Deacon has already been largely helped by me, but has made a poor use there of, and also does not treat me well”. John and Julia Deacon are buried in the O’Brian Cemetery in Hudson their graves marked by a large handsome headstone. ___________ Julia Ann E. Lawrence Deacon / Submit Griffin / Edward / James / Samuel Griffin.

Submit and other Congregational Names

The sermon, Sinners in the hands of an angry God, given by Jonathan Edwards, might be the most famous sermon preached to any Congregational congregation. The image that he presented of being suspended over the gates of hell by but a tiny thread was real to many early Americans. Religion and salvation was serious business. The names given to the girls in Congregational families also reflects such a belief system. Women were expected to be obedient and subservient. In Congregational Societies we find names such as Obedience, Patience, Comfort, Content, Deliverance, Temperance, Prudence, Thankful, Precious, Hopestill, Bliss, Freegrace, Renew, Relief, Wisdom, Grace, Felicity, Remember, Mercy, Experience, Trial, and Concurrence now Constance. Those of us who are a little older have memories of family stories of an aunt Goody short for Goodwife. A common name was Mehetable, which is Hebrew for, God rejoices. Faith, Hope and Charity names that are still commonly used invoking very different images than that held by the Congregationalists. I don’t know how to categorize such names as Freelove and Desire. There are any number of biblical names, Ruth, Ester, Bathsheba. All of these names provide a commentary on the view of women held by Congregational Societies. And yet least we gain a totally wrong impression in the 1700’s we have examples such as John Adam’s, a devout Congregationalist his father a Deacon, and his wife Abigail. Their letters reflect a marriage based on love and a deep respect for each other. John sought and valued Abigail’s opinion on some very weighty matters. Until late in the 1800’s women could not own land in their own right. We have noted several times on the blog the existence of land deeds where a daughter was left property by her father. The catch was the deed was not recorded under her name but instead it was recorded under husband’s name. In the town and church records in Congregational America women were more often than not referred to not by their own name but as the wife of their husband, Mrs. John Brown etc. A death record might read, The wife of John Brown died June 2, 1719. In church records we commonly see, The wife of John Brown was baptized August 10, 1723. As a mark of the respect she held in Killingworth Thankful Griffin Buell’s death is recorded as, The widow Thankful Buell. The other women listed nearby are listed in the manner just discussed. In my Bradley line I have a grandfather who named twin daughters, Silence and Submit. The name Submit was not uncommon. Among all of the names listed above it seems to strike the most negative cord among 20th century women. In the case of our Submit Griffin, who inherited the name from her mother and passed it on to a granddaughter, her father seems to have had a desire to soften the overtones of the name by referring to his daughter as “my Mitte”.

Philinda Minerva Griffin

We have written previously of the journey Minerva Griffin took with her family from Vermont to Fillmore County, Minnesota. We thought we would post a few of the documents from the life of this remarkable pioneer woman. Minerva’s husband David Brainard Griffin was killed in the Civil War. His collection of letters and memorabilia titled “Letters home to Minnesota” is part of the collection of artifacts at the Chickamauga Battlefield Historic Site. In the letters he refers to her as Nerva. Found in the history of Fillmore County is a brief notation “D. Brainard Griffin, of Vermont, came from Illinois, and his place was in section 15. He died in the service of his country during the Rebellion. Almon Griffin has a claim in section 16 and died during the war.” With the death of her husband and parents Minerva became matriarch to the extended Griffin clan living on one of the scattered homesteads on the Minnesota Prairie. With the aid of her two brothers, Allen and Henry, and nephew Horace Churchill, she was able to keep kit and kin together. The combined homesteads contained over 360 acres, which represent the two original grants plus additional acreage purchased by her father Almon. The plat map does not represent the original land holders but is from a much later date. She was able to maintain the homestead, passing it to her daughters in her will, which we have posted. She oversaw the marriage of her daughters Alice and Ida and the marriage of her sister Catherine’s daughters Helen and Eliza. She was to suffer another tragedy when her nine-year-old son Edgar Lincoln died by accidental poisoning on April 28, 1870. Minerva married William Andrews in 1868. Her death is recorded in the country records on February 9, 1895. The record notes her father as Almon Griffin.

Asahel Griffin family photographs

We have recently received a collection of photographs from Ken Griffin. One is a picture of Asahel Griffin son of Samuel Griffin and Mercy Nettleton. The 2nd picture is of the family of Asahel’s son Sylvester. It contains his daughter Lucinda and his sons Ira, Asel, and Edwin. The last picture is of John Sylvester Griffin’s family. John is Sylvester Griffin’s grandson. Ken’s family tree descends from Asahel / Sylvester / David / John Sylvester. Sylvester’s son David died at the age of 23 leaving one son John Sylvester. John Sylvester married Martha Curry the young couple eventually ended up in Natoma, Kansas. John and Martha are represent by a large contingent of Griffin’s still living in Kansas. Several things are striking about these photographs. The 3 generations all share similar features. Those traits are also present in other family trees. On ancestry.com there is posted a picture of Samuel Griffin 3rd, Asahel’s half brother. The two men look very much the part of brothers. There is also a remarkable similarity between Sylvester’s son Ira and Samuel’s grandson Henry. I was part of a discussion with the director of the Griffin DNA project. We were discussing the ability of the DNA result to predict for example which of several brothers in a family I may have descended from. He shared the observation that such judgment calls were easier to make in our case since our shared DNA strain was remarkable stable and resilient. The point being there is a good chance that many family trees probably share facial characteristics with Asahel’s family.

Almon Griffin the Journey West

Most of the first several generations of Samuel and Mary Griffin’s children and grandchildren lived out their days in Connecticut and its neighboring states. By the 3rd and 4th generations a number of their grandchildren had joined the migration west. The first wave moved to Vermont and a little later upper New York. These areas in the late 1700’s were largely unsettled. Biographies from two Griffin grandchildren Oramel (Joel) and Albert Bailey (Samuel 3rd) both describe a youth filled with days clearing and burning trees. Vermont had been claimed by New Hampshire. Selling land grants became an important source of revenue for states and individuals. The American patriot, Ethan Allen, for example was first and foremost a land speculator. The next great migration was to the Western Reserve land mainly in the Ohio River valley an area claimed by the state of Connecticut. The Western Reserve had been surveyed and organized into townships. The Western Reserve had come into America’s possession after the protracted conflict with the French and British. The Louisiana Purchase by President Jefferson had added the American mid-west to the equation. President Jefferson was eager for the land to be settled and used thus securing America’s claim. President Jefferson believed that everyone should own land. He believed that an agrarian society would serve the interest of the republic well. Owning land would encourage citizens to participate in the civic virtue. The land was surveyed and set up to be bought by individuals or groups at inexpensive prices ranging form $1.00 to $1.25 an acre depending on the usefulness of the land. 160 acres was considered necessary for a family farm, big enough to be self sufficient but small enough for a family to run it. Prior to the passing of the Federal Homestead Act of 1862 that we are the most familiar with we see smaller versions occurring in these mid-western states. The homestead movement began in earnest in the 1820’s, 30’s and 40’s. We see Griffin families in Ohio, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. A little later we see families in Nebraska and Kansas. In the realm of family history this period poses real problems. It seems that in almost every family tree we have a family that made the move to the very frontier of America. Many represented the very first settlers in the new territories. The issue for us is that these new towns and counties did not have the organization or resources required to record and maintain vital records. So in each family tree we usually have a gap in the family story. When and where were children born? How did they make the journey west? Almost all families are faced with these types of questions. We thought it would be useful to trace the family of Almon Daniel Griffin as they made this transition. His story is typical of the era and provides several insights into the westward migration. ______ Almon Daniel Griffin Junior was born near his grandfather Samuel Griffin in Essex, Vermont in 1801. He would have been about age 7 when his grandfather died and a young man of 21 at the passing of his grandmother Mercy Bailey Griffin. He was probably well versed in the oral traditions reaching back to Killingworth. He would have known his uncles Joel, Asahel, Samuel and John. Almon married Polly Mary Chase. Together Almon and Mary had 9 children. Three children died before being named then there was Catherine Marian, named after her grandmother, Philinda Minerva, Horatio Allen, Almon 3rd, Mary Elizabeth and Henry Tyler. By the time of 1850 census Almon’s family was facing a dilemma common to most families of that generation. His children were marrying but there was not enough land and resources to promise them much of a future in Vermont. Coupled with this is the promise of the abundant cheap land in the west. With these factors in play evidence suggests that sometime in the spring of 1853 Almon’s family began a journey that would eventually end in Fillmore County, Minnesota. Piecing together the chain of events is like trying to piece together a puzzle with many missing pieces. What we are left with is a description of the remaining pieces. From these descriptions emerges a picture of the journey as a whole. Traveling with Almon was his oldest daughter Catherine Marian. The 1850 federal census finds Catherine living in Fairfax, Franklin, Vermont married to Horace Churchill with their 2 daughters Helen and Eliza. Subsequent census records and family histories indicates the birth of 2 additional children in Vermont, George A. Churchill, born March 6, 1851 and Horace Harlow born January 17, 1853. The next record we have of the family is the 1860 federal census for Beaver, Fillmore, Minnesota. We find living in the household of Almon and Mary Griffin. Helen Churchill age 12, Eliza Churchill age 10 and Horace Churchill age 7. Missing are his daughter Catherine and her husband Horace Churchill and their son George. In the Fillmore County records we find marriage records for the two girls. Helen Churchill married Wm. H. Allen on March 4, 1866. Eliza M. Churchill married Duerdin W. Burns June 7, 1868. By one of the twists of fate we have a detailed obituary for Helen. “Mrs. Helen Allen, beloved pioneer resident of this community passed away at her home in this city last Wednesday afternoon, September 23 (1942). Born near Burlington, Vermont December 16, 1847, she had thus attained the age of 94 years, nine months and eight days. While still a child Mrs. Allen came westward with her parents Harlow and Catherine Churchill, the family locating in Rockford, Ill. in 1852, where both parents died. In 1856, when Helen was nine years of age, she came with her grandparents to Minnesota. They traveled to Minnesota in a caravan of covered wagons, drawn by oxen, and one of the incidents of the journey which Mrs. Allen well remembered was the crossing of the Mississippi River by ferry. This was two years before Minnesota became a state. They located on a claim near Spring Valley, in the Rochester vicinity. Here in 1866, at the age of eighteen years, Helen Churchill was married to William H. Allen……… Many a Lake Bentonite owed a debt of gratitude to Mrs. Allen for her assistance in bringing them into the world during the pioneer days. She never affiliated with the Church although her parents were staunch Congregationalists… Mrs. Allen was a great lover of books. One of her hobbies was the making of scrapbooks……… She had a hearty distaste of the use of tobacco and intoxicants… She was a singer and loved to whistle. She also treasured her garden and in this, her ninety-fifth year of life, she was still doing for others.” ______________ We have less information on the rest of the Churchill children. Eliza M Churchill and Duerdin Burns were living in Beaver in 1870. The 1875 Minnesota census finds Duriden-26 and Eliza – 26 living in North Hero, Redwood, Minnesota. The census lists 3 children Frank, Walstein and Lula. The 1900 census finds Duerdin Burns living in California having married for a 2nd time. ____________ Horace Harlow is living in LeRoy, Mower, Minnesota in the 1875 Minnesota census. The 1900 federal census lists a Horace Churchill born Jan, 1853, in Vermont, living in Kidder County, North Dakota, his profession that of a ranchman. There are no other family members listed. That is the existing history for the family of Catherine Merian Griffin. ____________ Also making the journey west was Almon’s daughter Philinda Minerva Griffin. Minerva had married her cousin David Brainard Griffin, grandson of her uncle Samuel, in Essex, Vermont January 13, 1852. In the 1856 Iowa census we find recorded, D.B. Griffin, age 24, born Vermont, Minerva, age 26, born Vermont and A.J. age 2 born in Illinois. The 1860 federal census finds the family in Fillmore County, Minnesota living next to Almon. “B. Griffin, 28, Vt ___ Minerva Griffin, 30, Vt ___ Alice J. Griffin, 6, Ill ____ Ida May Griffin, 3, Iowa.” Given these pieces of the puzzle we can begin to paint a picture of a typical journey west. The Hudson River and Lake Champlain served as easy water routes running north and south. Those traveling west used these water routes to arrive at Albany, New York the jumping off place for most western migration. Albany was the terminus for the Mohawk/Iroquois Trail that ran across upper New York. The names of the towns that sprang up along this ancient pathway are very familiar to us, Schenectady, Utica, Syracuse and Buffalo. Buffalo was the jumping off place for families entering Ohio and the Western Reserve. Lake Erie was the next key waterway. The city of Detroit sitting on the Erie waterway was the eastern terminus of the next key migration route commonly referred to as the Chicago and State Roads. This route also traced an old Indian trail system. Detroit to Chicago then on to Elgin and Rockford, Illinois. The westward terminus was at Galena, Illinois on the Mississippi River. By the 1850’s the railroads ran parallel to this route. Across the Mississippi via horse drawn ferry and into Iowa the next terminus was, Rapids, to later became Grand Rapids, Iowa. The single route across Iowa again following an Indian trails system. Almon probably took the family down the Lake Champlain water route to Albany. Across New York to Buffalo. From Buffalo via Lake Erie to Detroit. Detroit to Rockford, Illinois. The family settled near Rockford where Minerva’s daughter Alice was born. After the death of Catherine and Horace Churchill, and probably their son Samuel, the family decided to move further west. By 1856 they had made the Mississippi crossing at Galena and moved on to Rapids, Iowa. Census information indicates that Minerva’s daughter Ida was born in Rapids. In Minnesota the government settled their treaty with the Sioux Indians in 1853 opening up a new area for settlement. Almon’s family then made the move 150 miles north to Fillmore County Minnesota. The 1857 Minnesota census taken on the 4th of October that year lists Almon Griffin, Mary C. Griffin, their children Allen, Mary and Henry. As part of Almon’s household is his grandchildren Helen Churchill and her siblings Eliza and Horace. In the next household listed we find Brainard Griffin and his wife Minerva and their children Alice and Ida. ____________ The long journey across America was taken with covered wagons the so-called Conestoga wagon or Prairie Schooners. They were purpose built for the task of traveling long distances over inadequate roads. They were 10 ft. by 3 ½ feet in size. They were lighter and had wider wheels than the traditional farm wagons. My own grandfather Paul Varney moved his wagon making business from Essex to Geauga County, Ohio to help fill the demand for wagons on the American frontier. The small space was stuffed with bedding and foodstuffs, flour, bacon, corn meal, dried beans. No household would be without molasses, vinegar, salt and pepper. A variety of building tools and probably the single most important item a plow. To carry furniture was considered a luxury. An iron stove was an extremely rare item to find in a wagon. As indicated by Helen Churchill teams of oxen pulled most of the wagons. Oxen could survive on forage that would not sustain other draft animals. The travel guides of the day recommended that any journey start with at least four pairs of oxen with two or more pairs hitched to the wagon at any one time. The person walking along their left side directed the oxen. Research on this mode of travel suggests that a wagon could accommodate about five people. Journal entries that have survived from the era indicated that is was possible to cover 15 or more miles per day. Camp for the evening had to be made early enough to allow for the gathering of wood and other items necessary for cooking and preparation for the next days travel. The livestock had to be watered and allowed to graze. There is no indications that the Griffin party traveled with other families but it was in all likelihood made up of two or more wagons trailed by whatever other domesticated animals they brought with them. In the surviving wills from Essex, Vermont there are almost no reference to horses in the inventories of the estates. Contrary to the images from the movies of families perched on the seat of a wagon pulled by teams of horses most of the Griffins probably walked across America directing the oxen or driving the other livestock. Only the women and small children rode in the wagons. Remember the Battle of the Little Bighorn occurred in 1876. Iowa and Minnesota in 1856 was hostile territory. Journal entries from the era also describe the killing of wildlife including Buffalo to supplement the daily fare. ______________ This brings our story to the 1860 federal census held for Beaver, Fillmore County, Minnesota. Almond Griffin, age 59, farmer value of farm $500.00, born Vermont. ____Mary C Griffin, age 60 ____Helen Churchill, age 12 _____ Eliza Churchill, age 10 ____Horace Churchill, age 7 ____ Allen Griffin, age 27 ____ Henry Griffin, age 15. Listed living nearby B Griffin, age 28, Farmer, value $300.00, born Vermont _____Minerva Griffin, 30 ____Alice Griffin, 6, born Ill_____ Ida May Griffin, 3, born Iowa. The 1865 Minnesota census is the last piece of our puzzle. In household number 49 we have listed. Minerva Griffin, Edgar L., Alice J, Ida M. In household number 50, Mary Griffin, Allen, Henry, Horace Churchill, Emery Durand, Mary Griffin, Helen, Eliza. By 1865 Philinda Minerva Griffin, Almon’s daughter, had sent her husband David Brainard off to fight in the war. David was killed at the battle of Chickamauga. A 3rd child had been born into the family Edgar Lincoln. Almon died just before the 1865 census so in household number 50 we find his wife Mary Griffin along with their sons Allen and Henry. Living in the house is (William) Emery Durand who was to marry their daughter Mary Griffin who is listed. Also listed is Horace Churchill and his sisters listed simply as Helen and Eliza. Two pioneer women living alone on the American prairie with their children and grandchildren. Mary died within the year leaving Minerva as head of the combined families. Edgar Lincoln and Henry did not survive. All of the girls married and started their own families. Minerva took a 2nd husband Warren Andrews in 1868. Minerva’s will indicates that she was able to maintain her homestead leaving it to her daughters on her death in 1895. As a final note on family relationships in early America. Almon’s son Allen Horatio never married. He lived into the 1880’s as part of the family circle of his niece Helen Churchill Allen in Lake Benton. __________Minerva / Almon Daniel / Daniel Almon-Dan / Samuel / Samuel. ________ Almon Daniel Griffin and Polly Mary Chase: Twins 1826 -----Daughter 1828 ------ Catherine Marian 1829-1856 ------ Philinda Minerva 1830-1895 ------Allen Horatio 1832 ------ Almon Daniel 1834-1921 stayed in Vermont------Mary Elizabeth 1841-1926 ------ Henry Tyler 1844-1865. ___________________ Philinda Minerva and David Brainard Griffin: Julia 1853-1856 ------Alice Jane 1854-1928 ------ Ida May 1856-1943 ----Edgar Lincoln 1861-1870. ___________________ Catherine Marian and Horace Churchill: Helen M 1847-1942 ------Eliza M 1849 ------ George A. 1851 ----- Horace Harlow 1853.